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Hypothalamic Nuclei & Their Functions – Quick Review | USMLE Step 1 | Dr G Bhanu Prakash

In this rapid, high-yield review, Dr G Bhanu Prakash takes you through the most important hypothalamic nuclei, their distinct locations, functions, and clinical correlations — exactly what you need to know for the USMLE Step 1. The hypothalamus serves as the master regulator of multiple autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral processes. Its nuclei integrate signals related to hunger, thirst, circadian rhythm, temperature control, emotional behavior, and hormonal regulation.

This quick review covers all key hypothalamic nuclei in an easy-to-memorize format:
– Lateral nucleus: Stimulates hunger (“If you zap the lateral nucleus, you shrink laterally”)
– Ventromedial nucleus: Satiety center; lesions lead to hyperphagia and obesity
– Anterior nucleus: Cooling center (A/C = anterior for cooling); parasympathetic
– Posterior nucleus: Heating center; sympathetic control
– Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): Circadian rhythm control ("You need sleep to be charismatic")
– Paraventricular nucleus: Synthesizes oxytocin, CRH, TRH
– Supraoptic nucleus: Produces ADH
– Arcuate nucleus: Regulates appetite, secretes dopamine and GHRH
– Mammillary bodies: Memory processing; damaged in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Clinical pearls include:
– Damage to the lateral nucleus = anorexia and weight loss
– Damage to the ventromedial nucleus = uncontrolled eating
– Lesions of posterior nucleus = poikilothermia (inability to regulate body heat)
– SCN lesions = circadian rhythm disorders
– Alcoholics with B1 deficiency → mammillary body degeneration

This review is perfect for last-minute revision and NBME-style vignette prep, helping you connect each nucleus to a clear physiologic function and clinical outcome. Fast, focused, and 100% Step 1-relevant — exactly what high-yield neuroscience should be.

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