Скачать или смотреть Difficult topics of Physics

Difficult topics of Physics ‪@inertialclasses‬
These are some of the most advanced and abstract topics in physics. Here’s an overview of each:

1. String Theory

Basic Idea: Instead of point-like particles, fundamental particles are tiny vibrating strings.

Dimensions: Requires 10 or 11 dimensions (depending on the version).

Types of String Theory: Includes Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB, Heterotic SO(32), and Heterotic E8 × E8.

M-Theory: A unification of string theories, suggesting an 11-dimensional framework.

Problems: No experimental verification, extremely complex mathematics (involving supersymmetry, Calabi-Yau manifolds, etc.).


2. Relativity (Special & General)

Special Relativity (SR)

Key Principle: The speed of light is constant for all observers, leading to effects like time dilation and length contraction.

Energy-Mass Equivalence: explains how energy and mass are interchangeable.


General Relativity (GR)

Gravity as Curved Spacetime: Massive objects warp spacetime, affecting the motion of other objects.

Einstein’s Field Equations: Describe how matter and energy influence curvature.

Black Holes & Gravitational Waves: GR predicts black holes and ripples in spacetime, both confirmed by observations.

Challenges: Breaks down at singularities (inside black holes, Big Bang), and is incompatible with quantum mechanics.


3. Quantum Field Theory (QFT)

Combination of Quantum Mechanics & Special Relativity: Describes how particles interact via fields.

Key Concept: Particles arise as excitations of fields (e.g., electrons are excitations of the electron field).

Feynman Diagrams: Visual representations of particle interactions.

Standard Model: A QFT-based framework describing three fundamental forces (excluding gravity).

Renormalization: A technique to deal with infinite quantities in calculations.

Challenges: Doesn’t incorporate gravity and leads to infinities in some scenarios.


4. Theory of Everything (ToE)

Goal: A single framework unifying gravity, electromagnetism, strong, and weak nuclear forces.

Candidates:

String Theory (most popular)

Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) (quantizes spacetime itself)

Twistor Theory (mathematical approach by Roger Penrose)


Biggest Problem: No experimental evidence and difficulty in testing predictions
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