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NatGeo Wild: Siberian Tiger

The Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), also called Amur tiger, is a tiger population inhabiting mainly the Sikhote Alin mountain region in southwest Primorye Province in the Russian Far East. The Siberian tiger once ranged throughout Korea, Northeast China, Russian Far East, and eastern Mongolia. In 2005, there were 331–393 adult and subadult Siberian tigers in this region, with a breeding adult population of about 250 individuals. The population had been stable for more than a decade due to intensive conservation efforts, but partial surveys conducted after 2005 indicate that the Russian tiger population was declining. An initial census held in 2015 indicated that the Siberian tiger population had increased to 480–540 individuals in the Russian Far East, including 100 cubs. This was followed up by a more detailed census which revealed there was a total population of 562 wild Siberian tigers in Russia.

Results of a phylogeographic study comparing mitochondrial DNA from Caspian tigers and living tiger subspecies indicate that the common ancestor of the Siberian and Caspian tigers colonized Central Asia from eastern China, via the Gansu−Silk Road corridor, and then subsequently traversed Siberia eastward to establish the Amur tiger population in the Russian Far East. The Caspian and Siberian tiger populations were the northernmost in mainland Asia.

The Siberian tiger was also called Manchurian tiger, Korean tiger, and Ussurian tiger, depending on the region where individuals were observed.
The tiger is reddish-rusty, or rusty-yellow in colour, with narrow black transverse stripes. The body length is not less than 150 cm (60 in), condylobasal length of skull 250 mm (10 in), zygomatic width 180 mm (7 in), and length of upper carnassial tooth over 26 mm (1 in) long. It has an extended supple body standing on rather short legs with a fairly long tail.

The Siberian tiger is considered to be the largest tiger. In particular historical sources refer to large body sizes and weights of Siberian tigers. A wild male killed in Manchuria in the area of the Sungari River in 1943 reportedly measured 350 cm (140 in) "over the curves", equivalent to 330 cm (130 in) "between the pegs" with a tail length of about 1 m (39 in). It weighed about 300 kg (660 lb). Unconfirmed weights between 318 and 384 kg (701 and 847 lb) and even 408 kg (899 lb) have been stated in dubious sources.[14][15] An unconfirmed account refers to a male tiger shot in the Sikhote-Alin Mountains in 1950 allegedly weighing 384 kg (847 lb) with an estimated length of 3.48 m (11.4 ft). A captive Siberian tiger named "Jaipur" allegedly reached a body weight of up to 465 kg (1,025 lb).

In the 1980s, the typical weight range of wild Siberian tigers was indicated as 180–306 kg (397–675 lb) for males and 100–167 kg (220–368 lb) for females. Exceptionally large individuals were targeted and shot by hunters.

In 2005, a group of Russian, American and Indian zoologists published an analysis of historical and contemporary data on body weights of wild and captive tigers, both female and male across all subspecies. The data used include weights of tigers that were older than 35 months and measured in the presence of authors. Their comparison with historical data indicates that up to the first half of the 20th century both male and female Siberian tigers were on average heavier than post-1970 ones. The average historical wild male Siberian tiger weighed 215.3 kg (475 lb) and the female 137.5 kg (303 lb); the contemporary wild male Siberian tiger weighs 176.4 kg (389 lb) on average with an asymptotic limit being 222.3 kg (490 lb); a wild female weighs 117.9 kg (260 lb) on average. Historical Siberian tigers and Bengal tigers were the largest ones, whereas contemporary Siberian tigers are on average lighter than Bengal tigers. The reduction of the body weight of today's Siberian tigers may be explained by concurrent causes, namely the reduced abundance of prey due to illegal hunting and that the individuals were usually sick or injured and captured in a conflict situation with people.

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