What's the difference between a TS, TRS and TRRS cable?

How to tell the difference between TS, TRS and TRRS cables, and what each are used for in the home studio:
TS = Tip/Sleeve - mono unbalanced cable used for instruments, speakers
TRS = Tip/Ring/Sleeve - mono (balanced) or stereo (unbalanced) cable used for line level inputs and outputs (mono) and headphones/inserts (stereo)
TRRS = Tip/Ring/Ring/Sleeve - stereo (unbalanced) + microphone cable, used for smartphones, tablets and laptops.

🎤 Product links:
Rode SC4 TRS to TRRS adapter - https://amzn.to/2JWjnIr
Audio Technica AT3350 lavalier mic (with adapter included) - https://amzn.to/2YqnRzf

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