Скачать или смотреть UPSC 2026 topic India’s Energy Transition Towards Net-Zero(READ Description for explanation)👇🏻💫

India has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070, making energy transition a critical theme for UPSC. As the world moves away from fossil fuels, India faces the dual challenge of ensuring energy security while reducing carbon emissions. Currently, coal accounts for a major share of power generation, but renewable energy—especially solar and wind—is growing rapidly. India aims for 500 GW of non-fossil energy capacity by 2030. Policies like the Green Hydrogen Mission, Production Linked Incentive (PLI) for solar manufacturing, and National Biofuel Policy support this shift.

However, the transition is complex. India’s per-capita energy consumption is rising due to urbanisation, increasing industries, and growing transportation needs. The shift from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) demands large investments in charging infrastructure, battery storage, and rare-earth minerals. Balancing affordability with sustainability remains crucial, as millions still rely on traditional fuels like biomass.

Energy transition also has socio-economic implications. Coal-dependent states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha may face job losses. A “just transition” must ensure reskilling, social support, and new green jobs. Additionally, India must address grid instability caused by intermittent renewable supply and invest in smart grids, battery storage, and pumped hydro.

International partnerships, climate finance, and technology transfer are essential. Developed nations have pledged climate finance, but delivery remains slow. India demands equity, climate justice, and common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR). A successful transition requires strong governance, public-private partnerships, and long-term planning.

This topic fits well in GS3 (Environment/Energy), GS2 (International Relations), Essay, and Interview.