Why Didn't the Naval Barrage on Iwo Jima Work?

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US Marines storm the beaches of Iwo Jima after a short naval barrage, predicting a simple victory. When the Marines come ashore, Lt. General Kuribayashi unleashes his pre-sighted artillery firepower on the beach. Here we look at why was the naval barrage so ineffective at neutralising the Japanese artillery.

Bibliography
Alexander, Joseph H. Closing in: Marines in the Seizure of Iwo Jima. Glasgow, UK: Good Press, 2019.
Bradley, James, and Ron Powers. Flags of Our Fathers. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 2016.
Kakehashi, Kumiko. So Sad to Fall in Battle: An Account of War. New York, NY: Ballantine Books, 2007.
King, Dan, and Linda Ryan. A Tomb Called Iwo Jima: Firsthand Accounts from Japanese Survivors. Rockwall, TX: Dan King, 2020.
Leckie, Robert, and Ted Burwell. The Battle for Iwo Jima. New York, NY: Random House, 1967.