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1. Jurisdiction
Meaning: The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case.Why it matters: If a court has no jurisdiction, its decision is invalid.Types:
Territorial – where the incident happened
Subject-matter – type of case (civil, criminal, family, etc.)
Pecuniary – based on monetary value

2. Precedent
Meaning: A previously decided case that guides future cases.Why it matters: Indian courts follow the doctrine of stare decisis, meaning courts must follow binding precedents to ensure consistency and certainty in law.

3. Ratio Decidendi
Meaning: The legal principle or reasoning that forms the basis of a court’s decision.Why it matters: Only the ratio is binding as precedent, not the judge’s personal observations.

4. Burden of Proof
Meaning: The responsibility to prove the facts in a case.Criminal law: Always on the prosecution (beyond reasonable doubt).Civil law: On the plaintiff (preponderance of probabilities).Why it matters: Determines who must prove what.

5. Mens Rea & Actus Reus
Meaning:
Mens rea – guilty mind
Actus reus – guilty actWhy it matters: Most crimes require both an intention + an act. Without mens rea, many acts are not criminal.