Скачать или смотреть Small and efficient external heat engine

In all heat engines that we know, only gases are used, and for two roles; i. Perform the work by expansion and compression. ii. Transfer the energy into the engine. This 2nd role is efficiently fulfilled in internal combustion engines, where the chemical potential of the fuel gases is huge, but is insufficient for external heat sources, because gases carry negligible thermal energy per volume, and tend to behave as an ideal gas. This results in a non-isothermal expansion/compression, which is counterproductive since the temperature drop arrests the expansion and drastically reduces the efficiency. The ideal expansion is isothermal as required by the Carnot and Stirling cycles, which necessitates a continuous supply of heat to the gas along with its expansion. The thermodynamic conflict between ideal gas cooling along with the expansion and Carnot isothermal expansion and increasing energy density by three orders of magnitude is what we solve. We overcome these thermodynamic limits by demonstrating the first dual-phase Heat Transfer Fluid, HTF & gas bubbles engine where the HTF supplies the heat along with the gas expansion, supporting isothermal expansion. This is caused by the negligible heat capacity of each bubble compared to its large surface area. The bubble's expansion accelerates the HTF in the nozzle converting the heat and pressure into kinetic energy of the HTF. Converting the kinetic energy of fluids into electricity is extremely simple and achieved by hydroelectric-like technology, which has a tag price that is a fraction of the cost of steam turbines. Our preliminary results show high efficiency and low cost turbine is in reach.