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🔥 WADE’S RULE FORMULA (BORANES, HETEROBORANES, ZINTL CLUSTERS)
Wade’s Rule predicts the structure of cluster compounds such as boranes, heteroboranes and Zintl ions using skeletal electron pair counting.
It relates the number of cluster atoms (n) with the number of skeletal electron pairs (SEP).

⚛️ GENERAL WADE’S RULE FORMULA
For a cluster containing n skeletal atoms:
Closo cluster
Skeletal Electron Pairs = n + 1
Nido cluster
Skeletal Electron Pairs = n + 2
Arachno cluster
Skeletal Electron Pairs = n + 3
Hypho cluster
Skeletal Electron Pairs = n + 4

🧪 BORANE FORMULA RELATIONSHIP
For boranes BnHx:
Closo
Formula = BnHn²⁻
Nido
Formula = BnHn+4
Arachno
Formula = BnHn+6
Hypho
Formula = BnHn+8

🔬 ELECTRON COUNTING FORMULA
Total skeletal electrons =
Total valence electrons − electrons in terminal bonds
Then:
Skeletal electron pairs =
Skeletal electrons ÷ 2

⚡ QUICK WADE’S RULE TABLE
Cluster Type Skeletal Electron Pairs Structure
Closo n + 1 Closed polyhedron
Nido n + 2 One vertex missing
Arachno n + 3 Two vertices missing
Hypho n + 4 Three vertices missing

🧬 COMMON EXAMPLES
B6H6²⁻
Closo cluster
n = 6 → n + 1 = 7 electron pairs
B5H9
Nido cluster
n = 5 → n + 2 = 7 pairs
B4H10
Arachno cluster
n = 4 → n + 3 = 7 pairs

⚡ WADE–MINGOS RULE (EXTENDED FORM)
Cluster skeletal electron count:
Closo → 2n + 2 electrons
Nido → 2n + 4 electrons
Arachno → 2n + 6 electrons
Hypho → 2n + 8 electrons

🧠 MEMORY TRICK
Think CNAH
Closo → n + 1
Nido → n + 2
Arachno → n + 3
Hypho → n + 4
Increasing openness of cluster.

🎯 QUICK EXAM SHORTCUT
Count number of boron atoms = n
If skeletal electron pairs =
n + 1 → Closo
n + 2 → Nido
n + 3 → Arachno

📘 EXAM IMPORTANCE
Very important for:
IIT JEE Advanced
GATE Chemistry
CSIR NET
UGC NET
TIFR
SET
TRB
CUTE
Frequently asked in cluster geometry questions.

🧾 SUMMARY
Wade’s Rule connects cluster structure with skeletal electron pair count, allowing prediction of whether a cluster is closo, nido, arachno, or hypho.

ONE LINE EXPLANATION
Wade’s rule predicts cluster geometry using skeletal electron pair counting.
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