Cell Signaling | Signal Transduction | Cell Communication | Urdu Hindi English | 1st Year Biology

Cell Signaling (Signal Transduction):

Cell signaling is the process by which cells communicate with each other through signals, allowing them to respond to changes in their environment, coordinate behaviors, and maintain homeostasis.

Signal Transduction:

Signal transduction is the process by which cells convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses. It involves a series of molecular events that allow cells to respond to signals, such as:

1. Reception (receptor binding)
2. Transduction (signal transmission)
3. Response (cellular response)

Key players:

1. Receptors (surface or intracellular)
2. Signaling molecules (ligands, hormones, neurotransmitters)
3. Protein kinases
4. Second messengers (e.g., cAMP)
5. Transcription factors

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