Chapter 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C) Audiobook

Chapter 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3C) Audiobook New 2021
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00:00:00 Introduction
00:01:21 Maneuvering by Reference to Ground Objects
00:05:40 Drift and Ground Track Control
00:15:01 Rectangular Course
00:20:52 Turns Around a Point
00:25:08 S-Turns
00:30:04 Elementary Eights
00:49:29 Chapter Summary

Chapter Summary.
Ground reference maneuvers require planning and high levels of vigilance to ensure that the practice and performance of these maneuvers are executed where the safety to groups of people, livestock, communities, and the pilot is not compromised.
While training to perform ground reference maneuvers, a pilot learns coordination, timing, and division of attention to maneuver the airplane accurately in reference to flight attitudes and specific ground references.
After mastering ground reference maneuvers, the pilot should be able to command the airplane to specific pitch, roll, and yaw attitudes, correct for the effects of wind drift, and control the airplane’s orientation in relation to ground-based references.
While safety is paramount in all aspects of flying, ground reference maneuvers focus on mitigation of risk during low altitude flying.
With these enhanced skills, the pilot also significantly improves their competency in everyday flight maneuvers, such as straight-and-level, turns, climbs, and descents.

Introduction.
During initial training, pilots learn how various flight control pressure inputs affect the airplane.
After achieving a sufficient level of competence, the pilot is ready to apply this skill and maintain the airplane, not only at the correct attitude and power configuration, but also along an appropriate course relative to objects on the ground.
This skill is the basis for traffic patterns, survey, photographic, sight-seeing, aerial application (crop dusting), and various other flight profiles requiring specific flightpaths referenced to points on the surface.
Ground reference maneuvers are the principal flight maneuvers that combine the four fundamentals (straight-and-level, turns, climbs, and descents) into a set of integrated skills that the pilot uses in everyday flight activity.
From every takeoff to every landing, a pilot exercises these skills to control the airplane.
Therefore, a pilot needs to develop the proper coordination, timing, and attention in order to accurately and safely maneuver the airplane with regard to the required attitudes and ground references.
The pilot should be introduced by their instructor to ground reference maneuvers as soon as the pilot shows proficiency in the four fundamentals.
Ground reference maneuvers call for manipulation of the flight controls using necessary control pressures to affect the airplane’s attitude and position by using the outside natural horizon and ground-based references with brief periods of scanning the flight instruments.
Maneuvering by Reference to Ground Objects.
Ground reference maneuvers train the pilot to accurately place the airplane in relationship to specific references and maintain a desired ground track.
While vision is the most utilized sense, other senses are actively involved at different levels.
For example, the amount of pressure needed to overcome flight control surface forces provides tactile feedback as to the airplane's airspeed and aerodynamic load.
It is a common error for beginning pilots to fixate on a specific reference, such as a single location on the ground or a spot on the natural horizon.
A pilot fixating on any one reference loses the ability to determine rate, which significantly degrades a pilot’s performance.
By visually scanning across several references, the pilot learns how to determine the rate of closure to a specific point.
In addition, the pilot should scan between several visual references to determine relative motion and to determine if the airplane is maintaining, or drifting to or from, the desired ground track.
Consider a skilled automobile driver in a simple intersection turn; the driver does not merely turn the steering wheel some degree and hope that it will work out.
The driver picks out several references, such as an island to their side, a painted lane line, or the opposing curb, and uses those references to make almost imperceptible adjustments to the amount of deflection on the steering wheel.
At the same time, the driver adjusts the pressure on the accelerator pedal to smoothly join the new lane.
In the same manner, multiple references are required to precisely control the airplane in reference to the ground.
Not all ground-based references are visually equal.
Awareness of typical visual illusions helps a pilot select appropriate references.