SOMALIA | How Did It Become a Failed State?

Somalia has come to exemplify the concept of a failed state in international relations. Throughout the 1990s and into the new millennium, it experienced the full range of problems associated with a catastrophic state collapse: starvation, disease, conflict, foreign intervention, secessionism, warlordism, organised crime, terrorism, piracy and mass refugee outflows. So, how did Somalia become a failed state? And why is concern growing again?

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Somalia became independent as the Somali Republic in 1960. However, in 1969, the democratic government fell and a military regime was imposed under General Mohamed Siad Barre. Following the fall of the dictatorial Barre regime in early 1991, the country collapsed into clan factionalism and warlordism. As well as the loss of basic public services, the country soon became a humanitarian disaster with starvation, disease and conflict. International efforts to secure the situation at the start of the 1990s - an effort led by the United Nations and the United States - would eventually ended in disaster when it came up against the country's most powerful warlord, Mohamed Farah Aidid. This in turn saw the country spend another decade and a half immersed in instability. This in turn saw a rise in Islamic extremism and piracy. That said, in recent years there has been some improvement. The danger is that this is not at risk from the behaviour of the country's president, who has tried to extend his term of office.

CHAPTERS
0:00 Introduction and Titles
0:43 Failed States and the Case of Somalia
2:13 Geography and Demography of Somalia
3:24 The History of Somalia
4:40 Post-Independence and the Barre Regime
7:06 The collapse of Somalia in 1991
8:45 Somalia in the 2000s
10:05 A return to stability in Somalia?

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Current Issues and Disputes    • CURRENT ISSUES AND DISPUTES  
Secession and Independence in Africa    • AFRICA  

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FURTHER READING & USEFUL SOURCES

Somalia Constitution https://www.constituteproject.org/con...
AMISOM https://amisom-au.org
EU NAVFOR Atalanta https://eunavfor.eu
A Modern History of Somalia https://amzn.to/3hrPWiA
Black Hawk Down https://amzn.to/3w3Ppre
The Country That Does Not Exist: A History of Somaliland https://amzn.to/3yeevpp

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KEYWORDS

#Somalia #Somaliland #FailedState
#InternationalPolitics #CurrentAffairs #InternationalRelations
#Secession #Statehood #Independence
#InternationalLaw #InternationalHistory

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