Neutron Stars

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Some of the most amazing objects in the universe that are still things are neutron stars. Often looked at in astronomy as the thing on the way to black holes, these objects are really the wildest states that matter can take in the universe and still be matter. Neutron stars are the most extreme objects in the universe composed of what we might still call normal matter. Black holes are another thing. These boundary objects have wild properties and have extreme effects on their surroundings. Forged in the instantaneous fire of a core-collapse supernova, they are awesome objects.

WOOPS LIST!
1) at 10:30, I must have been on my third cup of espresso when I overstated the energy discharged by dropping a thing on a neutron star. Let’s say you drop a hammer with a mass of 0.75 kilograms from one meter up. It’ll have a total kinetic energy of 735 gigajoules, which is 176 tons of TNT. That’s 1% of the first atomic bomb “Little Boy” dropped on Hiroshima.

Supplement the videos with "OpenStax Astronomy"
https://openstax.org/books/astronomy/...
23: The Death of Stars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron...
Neutron Stars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular...
Conservation of Angular Momentum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar
Pulsars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetar
Magnetars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(...)
Telsa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn...
Jocelyn Bell Burnell

https://phys.org/news/2015-02-nuclear...
Nuclear pasta may offer insight into the strange world of neutron stars

https://astrobites.org/2017/10/05/nuc...
Nuclear Pasta in Neutron Stars

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.03646.pdf
Astromaterial Science and Nuclear Pasta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_Pu...
The Crab Pulsar

http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/arch...
Hubble's View of the Crab Pulsar

http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2002...
Space Movie Reveals Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar

http://www.chandra.harvard.edu/photo/...
Vela Pulsar Jet: New Chandra Movie Features Neutron Star Action

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ch...
Vela Pulsar

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ch...
New Chandra Movie Features Neutron Star Action

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_b...
X-ray burster

http://www2011.mpe.mpg.de/heg/www/HEG...
Image

This is part of Module 10 of 14 which details an entire online introductory college course. This video series was used at William Paterson University and CUNY Hunter in online classes as well as to supplement course material. Notes and links are present in the videos at the start of each lecture. In this lecture series, I talk about the end states of stars. The amazing white dwarfs and neutron stars. White Dwarfs are fascinating end states of Solar-mass (or slightly bigger) stars. Sirius "b" is among the closest known and we know many things about these oddball planet-sized stars from the Dog Star's dog. Next, if we combine the common nature of white dwarfs and the fact that most stars are in binary (or more) systems, then we can see that as stars die, they can interact. Novae and Type 1a supernovae are the result. White dwarf stars can cause sudden outbursts called novae and even do a special kind of supernova. Then we go to some of the most amazing objects in the universe that are still things neutron stars. Often looked at in astronomy as the thing on the way to black holes, neutron stars are the most extreme objects in the universe composed of what we might still call normal matter. Black holes are another thing. These boundary objects have wild properties and have extreme effects on their surroundings. Forged in the instantaneous fire of a core-collapse supernova, they are awesome objects. Finally, neutron stars make themselves known by their spin. They create a huge magnetic dynamo that powers the emissions seen in X-rays and gamma-rays. The result is a pulsar or magnetar. The Crab Nebula is a classic example of these amazing objects. They can also do similar things as we saw with novae but with much more extreme results: the kilonovae.

0:00 Introduction
0:29 Life Cycles of Stars
1:38 Neutron Stars
5:27 Mass
13:16 Neutron Star Rotation
15:42 Temperature
18:07 Density and Pressure
27:43 Neutron Star Magnetic Field. No, Really it's Big.
33:00 Structure of a Neutron Star
34:04 Nuclear Pasta on the Inside