How the Fuel and Ignition Systems Work

Here's how the fuel and ignition systems work to power the engine on your car!

There are three requirements for an internal combustion engine to work, fuel, air and spark.

The fuel system comprises of the fuel pump, fuel rail and fuel injectors that feed fuel into the intake plenum. The spark is governed by the ignition system, typically from a coil pack situated on top the spark plug. The air system is comprised of the air inlet, throttle body and intake plenum.

More information on the air intake system can be found in this video:
   • How an Air Intake System Works  

All of these components are controlled through the Engine Control Unit (ECU) that determines when and how combustion occurs in the 4 stroke cycle.

The ignition coil transfer the 12V signal from the ECU into thousands of volts needed to fire the spark plug. There are two windings of coil inside, that form a step-up transformer. The change in magnetic field when the coil is rapidly turned on and off causes the huge voltage spike needed to jump the spark plug gap. The timing of this is controlled by the ECU, which is typically just before the piston reaches top dead center.

The fuel injector has a small coil inside, when activated it forms an electromagnet. This sucks the pintle valve that was blocking gasoline flow up, allowing fuel to flow out the nozzle in a predetermined spray pattern, into the intake manifold on a port injected engine. The fuel mixes with the air stream and is then released into the combustion chamber on the piston's down-stroke when the intake valves open up.

Notable inputs to this closed-loop control system include driver input from the throttle, the throttle position sensor, oxygen (A/F) sensor, camshaft and crankshaft position sensor, knock sensor, mass airflow sensor and coolant temperature sensors.

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