Скачать или смотреть WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS, 9th class chapter 4 notes, ap dsc latest news today, kings dsc, ts dsc 2023

WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS, 9th class chapter 4 notes, ap dsc latest news today, kings dsc, ts dsc 2023

#WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS #9th class chapter 4 notes #ap dsc latest news today #kings dsc #ts dsc 2023


హాయ్ నా పేరు సోమరాజు. ఏ పి డి ఎస్ సి కంటెంట్ ఎక్ష్ప్లైన్ చేయడానికి ఈ వీడియో లు చేస్తున్నాను. డి ఎస్సి ఖచ్చితంగా సాధించాలి అనేవారి కోసం ఈ వీడియోలు పక్కా ప్రణాళికతో తయారు చేయడం జరుగుతుంది. టెక్స్ట్ బుక్ నే ప్రామాణికం చేసుకొని ప్రతి పాయింట్ లైన్ టు లైన్ టచ్ చేసి అకాడెమి లెవెల్ లో ఒక్క పాయింట్ కుడా మిస్ కాకుండా ఈ వీడియో లు రూపొందించడం జరుగుతుంది. ఈ విడియోలు నచ్చితే లైక్ చేసి సబ్స్క్రయిబ్ చేసుకోండి. అనుదినము మీ ప్రిపరేషన్ లో నా వంతు సహాయంగా అందిస్తుంటాను.చుడండి టెక్స్ట్ బుక్ పాయింట్స్ ని సింపుల్ గా డివైడ్ చేసి మైండ్ మ్యాపింగ్ ద్వారా మీకు బోధించడం జరుగుతుంది. ఒక్కసారి ఈ విడియో చూస్తూ నోట్స్ ప్రిపేర చేసుకొని టెక్స్ట్ బుక్ టెక్స్ట్ బుక్ చుస్తే మికే అర్ధమౌతుంది యెంత పక్కాగా వుందో!

Democracy is not just about people electing their rulers. In a democracy
the rulers have to follow some rules and procedures. They have to work
with and within institutions. This chapter is about the working of such
institutions in a democracy. We try to understand this by looking at the
manner in which major decisions are taken and implemented in our
country. We also look at how disputes regarding these decisions are
resolved. In this process we come across three institutions that play a key
role in major decisions – legislature, executive and judiciary.
You have already read something about these institutions in earlier
classes. Here we shall quickly summarise those and move on to asking
larger questions. In the case of each institution we ask: What does this
institution do? How is this institution connected to other institutions?
What makes its functioning more or less democratic? The basic objective
here is to understand how all these institutions together carry on the
work of government. Sometimes we compare these with similar
institutions in other democracies. In this chapter we take our examples
from the working of the national level government called Central
Government, Union Government, or just Government of India. While
reading this chapter, you can think of and discuss examples from the
working of the government in your state. A Government Order A Government Order A Government Order
On August 13, 1990, the Government
of India issued an Order. It was
called an Office Memorandum. Like
all government orders, it had a
number and is known by that: O. M.
No. 36012/31/90-Est (SCT), dated
13.8.1990. The Joint Secretary, an
officer in the Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and
Pensions, signed the Order. It was
quite short, barely one page. It
looked like any ordinary circular or
notice that you may have seen in
school. The government issues
hundreds of orders every day on different matters. But this one was very
important and became a source of
controversy for several years. Let us
see how the decision was taken and
what happened later. This Order announced a major
policy decision. It said that 27 per
cent of the vacancies in civil posts
and services under the Government
of India are reserved for the Socially
and Educationally Backward Classes
(SEBC). SEBC is another name for all
those people who belong to castes
that are considered backward by the
government. The benefit of job reservation was till then available only
to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes. Now a new third category
called SEBC was introduced. Only
persons who belong to backward
classes were eligible for this quota
of 27 per cent jobs. Others could not
compete for these jobs The Decision Makers The Decision Makers
Who decided to issue this
Memorandum? Clearly, such a big
decision could not have been taken
by the person who signed that
document. The officer was merely
implementing the instructions
given by the Minister of Personnel,
Public Grievances and Pensions, of
which the Department was a part.
We can guess that such a major
decision would have involved other
major functionaries in our country.
You have already read in the
previous class about some of them.
Let us go over some of the main
points that you covered then:



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