Development of the Face and Palate : Human Embryology by Dr Rajitha

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Development of the Face and Palate : Embryology by Dr Rajitha

The external human face develops between the 4th and 6th weeks of embryonic development. Facial swellings arise on the frontonasal process (2 medial nasal and 2 lateral nasal processes) and the first pharyngeal arch (2 mandibular and 2 maxillary processes). By a process of merging and some localized fusion these processes come together to form the continuous surfaces of the external face.
The primary palate is formed in this period by fusion/merging of the medial nasal and maxillary processes. Subsequently, between 6th and 12th embryonic/fetal weeks, the secondary palate is formed as the result of
fusion between palatal processes growing from the oral surfaces of the maxillary processes. Each merging and fusion site is also the site of a potential facial or palatal cleft.

Facial clefts
The pathological traits of facial growth are many and quite frequent. Lasting complications include facial disfigurement, difficulties hearing, speaking, eating, swallowing and breathing. The most common and well known facial anomalies, known as facial clefts, are listed below:

Cleft lip - a partial or complete lack of fusion of the maxillary prominence with the medial nasal prominence on one or both sides. Depending on the severity of the lack of fusion, this can result in a partial or complete, unilateral or bilateral cleft lip.
Cleft palate - Cleft palates are divided into primary and secondary depending on whether they are in front of or behind the incisive foramen respectively. The primary (or anterior) cleft deformities include lateral cleft lip, upper cleft jaw and a cleft between the primary and secondary palates. Behind the incisive foramen the clefts can either be of the secondary palate or known as a cleft uvula. Cleft palates result from a lack of fusion between the palatine shelves. Rarely, a cleft will run from the lip to the secondary palate.
Oblique facial clefts - When the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the lateral nasal prominence the nasolacrimal duct is exposed.
Median (or midline) cleft: This type of anomaly occurs with the incomplete fusion of the two medial nasal prominences in the midline. This particular defect can have much more serious consequences that the others it is associated with cognitive disabilities and brain abnormalities.

In this video, we will outline the processes involved in the development of the face and palate. We will discuss the conditions associated with the complex development of these structures.

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