Скачать или смотреть Sawalkote Dam & Indus Waters Treaty Suspension Explained | National Security vs Environment

Explore how India’s strategic moves in the Chenab basin raise crucial questions about environmental governance, diplomacy, and national security.
Background
The Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project (1.8 GW) on the Chenab River in Jammu & Kashmir has been in planning since the 1980s.
Following the Pahalgam terror attack, India suspended the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) — a landmark 1960 agreement with Pakistan governing shared river usage.
This decision has both strategic and environmental dimensions.
The government now seeks to fast-track the Sawalkote project as part of asserting India’s rights over western rivers — but at the cost of skipping key impact and carrying capacity studies.
Main News
Project Scale: 1.8 GW “run-of-river” dam, but practically functions like a storage dam with a 50,000-crore-litre reservoir.
Cost Escalation: Project cost rose by ₹9,000 crore due to delays and inflation.
Environmental Risks:1,500 families displaced 847 hectares of forests diverted Chenab basin already crowded with Dulhasti, Baglihar, and Salal projects, increasing cumulative impact risks.
Strategic Significance:Assertion of India’s water rights post-IWT suspension. Seen as a geopolitical message to Pakistan.
Legal and Diplomatic Risk: Pakistan contests suspension’s legality.
May invite third-party scrutiny in future river negotiations.
Analysis
1. Strategic Assertion vs. Ecological Prudence
While asserting rights under the IWT is within India’s entitlement, ignoring environmental checks could set a dangerous precedent.
True national power lies in responsible governance, not symbolic defiance.
2. Environmental Fragility of the Himalayas
The Chenab valley is geologically unstable — “bumper-to-bumper” dams amplify sedimentation, landslides, and flood risks.
Lack of a basin-wide sediment management plan undermines sustainability.
3. Rehabilitation and Social Justice
Only 0.6% of total cost allocated to rehabilitation — a governance failure.
Hydropower cannot be called “clean energy” if it displaces vulnerable communities without fair compensation.
4. Diplomatic Costs
Unilateral suspension of the IWT could harm India’s global image as a rule-based democracy that respects international treaties.
It may weaken India’s argument in future transboundary water disputes, especially with China over the Brahmaputra.
Conclusion
India must balance national security with ecological stewardship.
Way forward:
Conduct regional impact and sediment studies for all Himalayan projects.
Institutionalise hydrological data-sharing through multilateral channels.
Ensure rehabilitation and transparency in project governance.
Pursue strategic autonomy without compromising on environmental integrity.
In essence, security built on sustainability is the true test of governance.
Mains Practice Questions
Q1.Critically examine how India’s suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty impacts its credibility as a rule-based regional power.
(GS Paper 2 – International Relations)
Q2.Do you agree that “National security and ecological responsibility reinforce each other”? Discuss in the context of Himalayan hydropower projects.
(GS Paper 3 – Environment / Infrastructure)
Q3.The Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project raises the question of “strategic autonomy versus environmental accountability.” Analyze.
(GS Paper 2 – Governance)
Prelims Practice MCQs
Q1.The Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project is located on which river?
A. Jhelum
B. Chenab
C. Ravi
D. Beas
Answer: B. Chenab
Explanation: Sawalkote is on the Chenab River in Jammu & Kashmir.
Q2.Which of the following statements about the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) is correct?
A. It was signed in 1960 between India and China.
B. It allocates eastern rivers to Pakistan and western rivers to India.
C. It allows India limited use of western rivers for non-consumptive purposes.
D. It was mediated by the United Nations Environment Programme.
Answer: C
Explanation: The IWT (1960) gives India rights over eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) and limited use of western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab).
Q3.Which of the following correctly defines a “run-of-river” hydro project?
A. Uses the entire river flow to fill large reservoirs.
B. Operates with minimal water storage, relying on natural flow.
C. Requires water diversion tunnels of over 100 km.
D. Is designed only for irrigation, not electricity.
Answer: B.Explanation: Run-of-river plants generate power using the natural river flow with small or no reservoirs.
Q4.Which institution primarily deals with India’s hydropower project development?
A. NTPC Limited
B. NHPC Limited
C. BHEL
D. ONGC
Answer: B. NHPC Limited
Explanation: The National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) develops major hydropower projects in India.
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