早期歐洲是怎麼製造火砲的?失蠟法鑄炮
火砲、火門槍最初都是銅質,因為銅的熔點低,延展性能好,質地堅韌,不易炸膛,是鑄炮的優質材料,所以當時各國都流行鑄造銅砲,而整體澆鑄鐵炮的技術,歐洲人直到1540年左右才掌握,而且這一技術還被英國保密了很久,等到十七世紀時才在全歐洲流傳開來!
鑄銅砲,至於為什麼後來鐵炮成為了主流,那是因為銅砲的價錢實在是太過昂貴了!銅砲的價格最低也是鐵炮的五倍!所以不得不提高金屬處理技術,用鐵來替代銅作為鑄炮的主要原料!
最早的鑄炮技術是由鑄鐘等技術發展而來的,所以在當時,很多的鑄炮師老本行都是教堂的鑄鐘匠!
第一步,要鑄造銅砲首先要製作一個用來熔化銅料的熔爐,可以直接扒白蟻丘上的粘土,白蟻丘上的粘土幾乎沒有雜質。要是找不到白蟻丘,用普通的粘土也可以,只要將泥土中的雜物挑出即可。
1.和泥,並不斷的攪拌使其熟化,在這期間可以加入草莖,增加強度。
2.把熟化完成的泥土製成泥磚,然後圍起來壘成一個圓型的熔爐,熔爐不宜過高,太高了容易坍塌,只要能夠放得下銅料就可以了,外圍可以用大石塊或者木棍加固一下,防止其倒塌。
3.熔爐壘好後,遮陽讓其自然陰乾幾天,如果直接曬乾爐壁會出現裂縫。然後在其底部開出幾個通氣孔,將會通過這幾個通氣孔往熔爐內部輸送空氣!為了不讓銅水意外從通氣孔流出,這幾個通氣孔都要傾斜45°用竹筒插進熔爐內。
4.在熔爐上開好幾個通氣孔後,還要在最底部開出一個出料口,這個出料口在銅料未完全熔化為銅水之前,要先用泥土封上,當銅料熔化成銅水後,把出料口打開,就會從這個孔排出。
第二步,製作早期銅砲需要用到泥模。泥模由模芯和模殼兩部分組成,通常使用失蠟法製作!
1.首先取一塊合適大小的蠟塊,長、寬、高都要和準備製作的砲管規格差不多大,然後將其雕刻成砲管的模樣,並鑽出砲膛,其整體大小要和真正的金屬砲管一般無二.
2.當砲管的蠟膜製作完成後,用粘土包裹住蠟膜,連其內部也要填充上泥沙,只在砲管尾部留下進料口。
3.接下來加熱使其內部的蠟模熔化流出,這樣泥模的內部就留下了砲管形狀的空腔。這種失蠟法製作砲管泥模的方法因為簡單可靠,在歐亞都很流行。
一般情況下,制炮匠人會將製作好的泥模自然陰乾數月後再進行澆鑄(炮模越大則等的時間越久),因為砲管的外模和炮芯都是用壓緊的粘土製成的,其透氣性低,內部濕氣很難乾透,如果炭火烘烤也常常是外幹內濕,而泥膜內部的潮氣會使砲管上產生蜂窩狀的小孔,使其有炸膛的危險,所以當時製作一門大砲常常要等幾個月。
第三步,製作完成砲管的泥模後,就可以燃起熔爐,熔化銅料,進行鑄炮了。
1.首先往熔爐內部倒入木炭。
2.當熔爐內的木炭被點燃後,直接向熔爐內加入銅料或青銅料。
3.放完木炭和銅料後,開始鼓風,使其爐內的溫度升高,把裡面的銅料熔化為銅水!
第四步,在熔爐的出料口旁邊挖一個能裝下砲管泥模的大坑,然後將泥膜埋入坑內。
1.當泥模放入坑內後,就使用泥土回填,只露出泥模的進料口。
2.砲管泥模被埋入泥坑後,用濕泥製作出一條連接熔爐出料口和砲管泥模進料口的“通道”,並確保“通道”足夠結實,不會被銅水沖垮。
3.當熔爐內的銅料全部融化為銅水後,打開出料口,讓銅水順著通道流進砲管泥模,將泥膜內的空腔全部填滿!這個過程一定要慢,防止銅水把泥模內的砲芯衝歪,使其鑄造出的火砲砲膛不在砲身的中軸線上!那樣就會指哪兒一定不打哪兒。
第五步,等到銅水全部流進砲管泥模後,就將其放置一段時間。
1.當泥模內的銅水自然冷卻下來後,將泥膜從坑中取出,並用錘子將泥模砸開。
2.然後把砲管外面粘連的泥土和砲膛的泥土清理乾淨,這樣就可以得到一個粗糙不平的金屬砲管了!
3.使用銼刀和其他工具對金屬砲管表面進行打磨,將多餘的毛邊和砂眼都打磨掉,然後使用鏜刀對砲管內部進行鏜光處理,使其盡可能的平直。等到砲膛和表面都加工好以後,使用鑽頭在砲管的尾部鑽出門。
第六步,進行質量檢測,確保其沒有致命的瑕疵。
1.首先要目測砲管,看其有無明顯的缺陷,然後用鐵鎚適度的敲打炮管,看其是否出現裂紋,如果沒有發現裂紋或其他瑕疵,就將砲管上的火門堵住,然後往砲管的內部倒水,若是發現有水從砲管上滲出,則意味著砲管上有裂紋,這種砲管是萬萬不能用的!會炸膛!
2.經過上述的檢查方法過一遍後,若是沒有發現瑕疵,就可以「 ”實彈測試”了!當然,要慢慢來,要先裝入少量火藥引爆,然後不斷的加大火藥分量,一直測試到火藥和砲彈等重為止!
後來隨著技術工藝的提高,特別是高爐煉鐵的出現,製造火砲的原料有昂貴的銅變為鐵。
但是鑄造的方法基本不變。
In the third step, after the mud mold of the gun barrel is completed, the furnace can be ignited, the copper material can be melted, and the gun can be cast.
1. First pour charcoal into the furnace.
2. When the charcoal in the furnace is ignited, add copper or bronze material directly into the furnace.
3. After placing the charcoal and copper material, start blowing air to raise the temperature in the furnace and melt the copper material inside into copper water!
The fourth step is to dig a large pit next to the discharge port of the furnace that can hold the mud mold of the gun barrel, and then bury the mud film in the pit.
1. When the mud mold is placed in the pit, backfill with mud, and only expose the feeding port of the mud mold.
2. After the gun barrel mud mold is buried in the mud pit, use wet mud to make a "channel" connecting the outlet of the furnace and the feeding port of the gun barrel mud mold, and make sure that the "channel" is strong enough and will not be washed away by copper water .
3. When all the copper material in the furnace is melted into copper water, open the discharge port, let the copper water flow into the gun barrel mud mold along the channel, and fill all the cavities in the mud film! This process must be slow to prevent the copper water from smashing the gun core in the mud mold, so that the cast gun barrel is not on the central axis of the gun body! That will point to where it must not hit.
Step 5: After all the copper water has flowed into the gun barrel mud mold, let it sit for a while.
1. When the copper water in the mud mold cools down naturally, take out the mud film from the pit and break the mud mold open with a hammer.
2. Then clean up the mud sticking on the outside of the gun barrel and the mud in the gun chamber, so that you can get a rough metal gun barrel!
3. Use a file and other tools to grind the surface of the metal gun barrel, remove the excess burrs and sand holes, and then use a boring tool to bore the inside of the gun barrel to make it as straight as possible.
1. First, visually inspect the gun barrel to see if it has obvious defects, and then tap the gun barrel moderately with a hammer to see if it has cracks. If no cracks or other defects are found, block the fire door on the gun barrel. Then pour water into the inside of the gun barrel. If you find that water seeps out of the gun barrel, it means that there is a crack on the gun barrel. This kind of gun barrel is absolutely unusable! It will explode!
2. After going through the above inspection methods, if no flaws are found, you can " "live ammunition test"! Of course, you have to take it slow, you must first load a small amount of gunpowder to detonate, and then continuously increase the amount of gunpowder to test all the time. Until gunpowder and cannonball weigh!
Later, with the improvement of technical process, especially the emergence of blast furnace ironmaking, the raw material for making artillery was changed from expensive copper to iron.
But the method of casting is basically the same.
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