Surface Mining - 1.1 Introduction

SURFACE MINING METHODS
What is Mining?
The extraction of a valuable mineral from the Earth with economical value and safety is termed as MINING.

Types of Mining
1. Underground Mining-
Underground mining can be defined as, "the extraction of valuable mineral/ore from Earth in which mineral/ore is situated in high depth."

2. Surface mining method-
Surface mining can be defined as," the extraction of valuable mineral/ore from the Earth in which mineral/ore is situated in shallow depth"

Classification of Surface Mining Methods-
1. Mechanical Extraction Method-
In this method, the extraction of the mineral/ore from the Earth depends on the mechanical means.
(A) Open Pit Mining
(B) Open Cast(Strip) Mining
(C) Quarrying
(D) Auger mining

2. Aqueous Extraction Method-
In this method, the extraction of the mineral/ore from the Earth depends on the water.
(A) Placer Mining-
(B) Solution Mining


|||Classification on the basis of Metal,Nonmetal, and coal|||

First, we have to know about metal, Nonmetal, and coal.
So


Metal- Metals are generally present in solid form at room temperature except for Mercury. Mercury is in liquid at room temperature.
Also, metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Ex. Gold, Silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, silver, uranium, zinc, aluminum, etc.


Nonmetal-Nonmetals may be in solid, liquid, and gaseous form at room temperature.
Also, nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Ex. Oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, carbon, helium, etc.
Also sandstone, limestone, marble, granite, etc. Fall in the Nonmetals category due to their chemical composition.

Coal- It is a combustible black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter.

So
The Classification according to Metals/Nonmetals/Coal is as follows-
1. MECHANICAL EXTRACTION METHODS -
A) OPEN PIT MINING - METAL, NONMETAL
B) OPEN CAST(STRIP) MINING - COAL, NONMETAL
C) QUARRYING - NONMETAL
D) AUGER MINING - COAL

2. AQUEOUS EXTRACTION METHODS -
A) PLACER MINING -
✓HYDRAULICKING - METAL, NONMETAL
✓DREDGING - METAL, NONMETAL
B) SOLUTION MINING -
✓BOREHOLE MINING - NONMETAL
✓LEACHING. - METAL


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