Class (02) = Pharmacognostic Study of Crude Drug | Systematic Study of Crude Drug | Crude Drug

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Pharmacognostic studies of crude drug
A systematic study of a crude drug involves its description on the following lines:-

1. A crude drug may have official or unofficial status i:e the official title of crude drug it appears in pharmacopaeia or other official reference books & are given both in English & Latin. Unofficial drug, the natural substance included in pharmacopaeia but they are not found in current issues. while non official drugs are never appear in official pharmacopaeia .

2. Biological source:
The Latin name of the plant or animal with its family is called its botanical or zoological source respectively. Biological source of a crude also covers its nature ,limits for the active constituents & any relevant information affecting the quality of the crude drug during processing or storage.

3. Geographical source:
The geographical source of a crude drug givens us information regarding the origin of drug, place & the country where the crude drug is produced commercially on a large scale. e.g Indian senna is grown in & around India.

4. History of a crude drug
The history of a crude drug reveals information about its introduction to mankind i:e its original place of growth & its introduction into modern medicine.

5. Cultivation , collection , processing for market & commerce in crude drugs
The cultivation technology for a crude drug has to be studied systematically with reference to the selection of proper strains of seeds or germplasm , types of soil system , optimum climatic or ecological factors like light ,temperature ,rainfall& others factors like fertilizers , plant growth regulators etc .

6. The macroscopical or morphological description
The macroscopical or morphological description of a crude drug includes size ,shape , nature of outer& inner surfaces ,type of fracture &organoleptic characteristics like colour ,odour , taste consistency ,etc.

7. Micoscopical study of an organized drug either in entire or powdered form , is one of the important aspects of its histological evoluation .

8. Chemical constituents & qualitative chemical tests
The utility of crude drug is due to its therapeutically active constituent ,also contains several other constituent which are inert therapeutically e.g caraway contain fixed oil &protein.

9. Pharmacological actions , therapeutic & other pharmaceutical uses
The pharmacological action of active constituents of crude drugs & their therapeutically or pharmaceutical uses form an integral part of pharmacognostic scheme . Senna & cascara are used as purgatives , where as digitalis &straphanthus are cardiotonics.

10. Commercial varieties, substitutes & adulterants
Adulterant resembles the genuine drug with respect to its morphological appearance & organoleptic characteristics ,However, it is devoid of active constituents which are present in the genuine drug.

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