Stereochemistry of Biphenyls | Stereochemistry | Organic Chemistry

Biphenyls are those compounds in which two benzene rings are joined to each other by a carbon-carbon single bond. Free rotation about this C - C single bond is possible.
In case if large substituents are in the ortho position, they interfere mechanically to behave as obstacles and restrict the free rotation. Thus two benzene rings become perpendicular to each other and hence the molecule becomes chiral and mirror image will not be superimposable. Thus it will show optical activity.
Even with only two bulky groups on the ortho positions, free rotation about the C-C single bond can be restricted and thus compound becomes optical active.
And finally, it was shown that if the free rotation about the C-C single bond is restricted due to bridging the two benzene rings, then the molecule will not be co-planar and hence it will show optical activity.
Thus it is clear that the non-planarity of the molecule causes molecular chirality and hence the optical activity.

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