Physiology of salivary Glands and its secretions : Gastrointestinal Physiology USMLE Step 1

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Physiology of salivary Glands and its secretions : Gastrointestinal Physiology USMLE Step 1

The salivary glands are a group of exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the oral cavity. There are three pairs of major salivary glands: the parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands, as well as numerous minor salivary glands located throughout the oral cavity.

Saliva. About 1500 mL/d of saliva is secreted.

The salivary glands are innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system, which stimulates secretion through the release of acetylcholine. The secretion of saliva is also regulated by a number of other factors, including the presence of food in the mouth, emotional state, and circadian rhythms.

Saliva is composed of water, electrolytes, mucus, enzymes, and antibacterial agents. The primary function of saliva is to moisten and lubricate the oral cavity, making it easier to swallow and speak. Saliva also helps to initiate the process of digestion by breaking down carbohydrates and lipids.

The enzymes found in saliva include amylase, which breaks down starches into simpler sugars, and lipase, which breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Saliva also contains lysozyme, an antibacterial agent that helps to protect against oral infections.

In addition to its digestive and antibacterial functions, saliva also plays an important role in maintaining the health of the teeth and gums. Saliva helps to neutralize the acids produced by bacteria in the mouth, which can cause tooth decay and gum disease.

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