Resin Containing Drug (Part 05)= Benzoin (Biological Source, Preparation Method, Chemicals & Uses)

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BENZOIN
Sumatra Benzoin
Two commercial varieties of benzoin, Sumatra benzoin and Siam benzoin. Sumatra benzoin (Gum Benjamin) is a balsamic resin obtained from the incised stem of Styrax benzoin Dryand, and Styrax paralleloneurus Perkins (Styracaceae).

Siam Benzoin
Siam benzoin BP/EP is obtained by incision of the trunk of Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre)
Characters
Sumatra benzoin occurs in brittle masses consisting of opaque, translucent, reddish- brown or greyish-brown. Odour, agreeable and balsamic but not very marked; taste, slightly acrid. Siamese benzoin occurs in tears or in blocks. The tears are of variable size and flattened; they are yellowish-brown or reddish-brown externally, but milky-white and opaque internally. It has a vanilla-like odour and a balsamic taste.

Chemical test
1. When gradually heated, benzoin evolves white fumes of Cinnamic and benzoic acids which readily condense on a cool surface as a crystalline sublimate.
2. On warming a little powdered benzoin with solution of potassium permanganate, a faint odour of benzaldehyde is noted.
3. When an alcoholic solution of ferric chloride is added to an alcoholic extract of Siamese benzoin, a green colour is produced. Sumatra benzoin does not give this test.
4. Compared with Sumatra benzoin, Siam benzoin can be detected by the test, indicates an absence of cinnamic acid in the genuine drug. This absence also means that no odour of Benzaldehyde is produced when the powdered drug is warmed with a solution of potassium permanganate.

Constituents
Sumatra benzoin contains free balsamic acids (Cinnamic and benzoic) and esters derived from them. Triterpenoid acids are also present such as siaresinolic acid (19 hydroxyoleanolic acid) and sumaresinolic acid (6-hydroxyoleanolic acid).

Siam benzoin consists principally of coniferyl benzoate and a very small amount of coniferyl cinnamate (coniferyl alcohol is found in the cambial sap of both gymnosperms and angiosperms). Free benzoic acid amounts to some 10% of the drug. Other constituents are triterpenoid acids and esters, and vanillin.

Uses
Benzoin, when taken internally, acts as an expectorant and antiseptic. It is mainly used as an ingredient of friar’s balsam, or as a cosmetic lotion prepared from a simple tincture. It finds considerable use world-wide in the food, drinks, perfumery and toiletry industries; it is a component of incense.

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