Heat || ऊष्मा संचरण | तापमान | Temperature | Part 2

Heat || ऊष्मा संचरण | तापमान | Temperature | Part 2

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*Heat Physics* (or **Thermal Physics**) is the branch of science that deals with the study of heat, temperature, and their effects on matter. It also explores the laws governing energy transfer, transformations, and the thermodynamic behavior of systems.

Key Concepts in Heat Physics:
1. *Heat:*
Heat is a form of energy that flows between systems or objects due to a temperature difference.
It is measured in joules (J) in the SI system.
Heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation.

2. *Temperature:*
Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
Common scales: Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K).

3. *Specific Heat Capacity (\(c\)):*
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C or 1 K.
Formula: \( Q = mc\Delta T \), where \( Q \) is heat energy, \( m \) is mass, \( c \) is specific heat capacity, and \( \Delta T \) is the temperature change.

4. *Latent Heat:*
The heat required to change the phase of a substance without changing its temperature (e.g., melting or boiling).
Types:
*Latent Heat of Fusion* (solid to liquid or vice versa).
*Latent Heat of Vaporization* (liquid to gas or vice versa).

5. *Thermodynamics:*
The study of the relationship between heat, work, and energy.
Key Laws:
*Zeroth Law:* If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
*First Law:* Energy conservation; \( \Delta U = Q - W \), where \( \Delta U \) is the change in internal energy, \( Q \) is heat added, and \( W \) is work done by the system.
*Second Law:* Heat flows naturally from a hotter object to a cooler one, not the reverse.
*Third Law:* The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero.

6. *Heat Transfer Mechanisms:*
*Conduction:* Heat transfer through direct contact (e.g., metal rod heated at one end).
*Convection:* Heat transfer by the movement of fluids (e.g., boiling water).
*Radiation:* Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves (e.g., sunlight).

7. *Thermal Expansion:*
When substances are heated, they expand due to increased particle movement.
Linear expansion: \( \Delta L = \alpha L_0 \Delta T \), where \( \alpha \) is the coefficient of linear expansion.

Applications of Heat Physics:
Designing engines and refrigeration systems.
Understanding climate phenomena.
Industrial processes like metal forging and glass making.
Everyday appliances like ovens, heaters, and air conditioners.


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