Glycosides Containing Drug (Part 01) = Senna and Bitter Almond (Sourec, Description, Chemical & Use)

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Biological source
Senna (Sennae Folium) consists of the dried leaflets of Cassia senna L. (C. acutifolia Delile), which are known in commerce as Alexandrian or Khartoum senna, and of Cassia angustifolia Vahl, which are known in commerce as Tinnevelly senna. The senna plants are small shrubs of the family Leguminosae, about 1 m high, with paripinnate compound leaves. C. senna is indigenous to tropical Africa and is cultivated in the Sudan (Kordofan, Sennar). C. angustifolia is indigenous.

Chemical constituent
Stoll et al. (1941) isolated two active crystalline glycosides, sennoside A and sennoside B. They both hydrolyse to give two molecules of glucose and the aglycones sennidin A and B. Sennidin A is dextrorotatory and B is its mesoform. Other componenets sennosides C and D, aloe-emodin dianthrone-diglycoside, rhein-anthrone- 8-glycoside, rhein-8-diglucoside, aloe-emodin-8-glucoside, aloeemodin- anthrone-diglucoside, possibly rhein-1-glucose, and a primary glycoside having greater potency than sennosides A and B and distinguished from them by the addition of two glucose molecules.

Uses
The use of laxatives is increasing and senna constitutes a useful purgative for either habitual constipation or occasional use. It lacks the astringent after-effect of rhubarb. Despite the availability of a number of synthetics, sennoside preparations remain among the most important pharmaceutical laxative.

Bitter Almond
Biological source
Bitter Almond dried ripe seeds of Prunus amygdalus var. amara (D.C.) Buchheim (bitter almond) or a mixture of both varieties.
The oil is mainly produced from almonds grown in the countries bordering the Mediterranean (Italy, France, Spain and North Africa).

The bitter almond is 1.5–2 cm in length but of similar breadth to the sweet almond. Both varieties have a thin, cinnamon-brown testa which is easily removed after soaking in warm water, a process which is known as blanching.

Constituent
Almond contain 40–55% of fixed oil, about 20% of proteins, mucilage and emulsin. The bitter almonds contain in addition 2.5–4.0% of the colourless, crystalline, cyanogenetic glycoside amygdalin. Bitter almond oil contains benzaldehyde and 2–4% of hydrocyanic acid. Purified volatile oil of bitter almonds has had all its hydrocyanic acid removed and therefore consists mainly of benzaldehyde.

Uses. Bitter almond oil is used as demulcent in lotion.

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