🤼Zurkhaneh or Ancient Iranian Wrestling Sport
Zurkhaneh or Ancient Iranian Wrestling Sport, with a history of over 3000 years, refers to a set of physical and martial arts movements performed in a zurkhaneh (a traditional gymnasium) accompanied by singing and drumming led by a morshed (master). Besides the zurkhaneh exercises, koshti pahlavani (heroic wrestling) is also practiced in these gyms. Pouriā-ye Vali, also known as Mahmoud Khwarezmī, is one of the most famous and revered figures in Iranian history, often regarded as the founder of this sport.
In ancient Iran, performing heroic movements was a key daily activity, and athletes were highly esteemed for their physical abilities and noble character. People valued these athletes greatly and were always grateful for their contributions.
It appears that the zurkhaneh, as it is organized today, was established around 700 years ago (in the 7th century CE) by Mahmoud, known as Pouriā-ye Vali. Thus, the zurkhaneh could have a much older history in Iran than previously thought, based on historical conduct and Iranian legends. After the advent of Islam, the zurkhaneh played a crucial role in preserving the culture of humility and brotherhood that existed in ancient Iran.
According to the Brockhaus Encyclopedia, during a period of relative peace over 1200 years ago, Iranian warriors adapted their battle gear—such as maces, bows, and shields—into sports equipment to prepare their bodies for future challenges, engaging in physical and mental training.
Zurkhaneh sport has its own unique customs and traditions, inspired by legendary heroes and early Shiite figures, fostering qualities of manliness, humility, and chivalry in athletes. This development is in harmony with poetic recitations and stories sung to the rhythm of the zorkhaneh drum, the most important musical instrument in this sport, performed by the morshed. Athletes perform synchronized movements to the music and voice of the morshed, showcasing group and individual exercises.
In this sport, respect and etiquette are paramount, with all actions performed with permission and request from senior practitioners, a practice known as rukhset. The motto of the sport is the development of both body and spirit. Shiites even consider the zurkhaneh as a second mosque, although religious aspects have diminished in modern practice. Another essential principle of the sport is that athletes must adhere to qualities such as humility, self-sacrifice, chivalry, hospitality, cleanliness, and helping the less fortunate.
Some believe that in ancient times, zurkhaneh practitioners also learned martial skills and that the tools used in the sport bear significant resemblance to ancient combat weapons. The sport uses various tools such as wooden maces, heavy shields (sang), and wooden weights (kabbadeh), reflecting its martial origins. Over time, combat skills and sports have diverged, but practices such as spinning (charkh zadan) still hold ceremonial significance. For instance, when a younger practitioner requests to spin first, it symbolizes a willingness to sacrifice oneself and demonstrate readiness for battle.
Types of Exercises and Rituals in Zurkhaneh Sport:
1. Entering the Arena: Practitioners enter the zurkhaneh in order of seniority and with the coach's approval.
2. Ground-Kissing: A ritual gesture of respect.
3. Entering the Arena: Following proper etiquette.
4. Picking Up the Stone (Takhteh-sheno): A specific exercise involving lifting a stone.
5.Greeting and Salutation (Jargeh-zadan and Kandeh-zadan)**: Traditional greetings and respect rituals.
6. Sheno Practice: Exercises done on a wooden platform, including stretching and flexibility exercises.
7. Club Training (Mil-giri): Includes shadow practice, slow and fast movements, and advanced techniques.
8. Footwork Training (Pā-zadan): Various footwork patterns.
9. Prayers (Niyayesh): Ritual prayers.
10.Shield Training (Kabbadeh-keshi): Using a large wooden shield.
11. Spinning (Charkh zadan): Spinning around with arms extended, usually for one to three minutes.
12. Stone Lifting (Sang-giri): Lifting heavy stones as a demonstration of strength.
13. Club Handling (Mil-bazi): Performing with wooden clubs in a display of skill.
14. Tricks Between Legs (Shirin-kari): Light and acrobatic tricks performed during footwork training
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